As history has repeatedly shown, conflicts impose immeasurable human suffering and large economic and social costs. Overall, about a third of the countries in the region have been affected by conflict in recent years. 2 In sub-Saharan Africa, while a declining trend was observed in the incidence and intensity of conflicts since the early 2000s, there has been an uptick in violence in recent years that mirrors the global increase in conflict. This means, according to our analysis, that war crimes could already have taken place before March 2022’ explains Dr Chiara Redealli.Armed conflict in its various forms and manifestations remains pervasive around the world. What has changed, since February 2022, is the intensity of the violence and its impact on the civilian population. Indeed, according to IHL criteria, there have been an IAC between Russia and Ukraine and two NIACs in Ukraine since 2014. ‘Russia’s invasion of Ukraine did not change our classification of the armed conflicts in the region.
Europe is also the theatre of an international armed conflict (IAC) between Ukraine and Russia, and of two non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in Ukraine opposing governmental forces with the self-proclaimed ‘People’s Republics’ of Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine. The following military occupations constitute the majority of armed conflicts that are taking place in Europe, four out of seven conflicts: Russia is currently occupying Crimea (Ukraine), Transdniestria (Moldova), as well as South Ossetia and Abkhazia (Georgia), while Armenia is occupying parts of Nagorno Karabakh (Azerbaijan).
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